Magulu a mphepo yamkuntho otanthauzidwa¶
Ma hurricane, ma typhoon, ndi ma cyclone a m'malo otentha ndi mtundu umodzi wa mphepo yamkuntho, wotchulidwa mayina osiyanasiyana m'nyanja zosiyanasiyana. Zonse zomwe zili mu chitsogozo ichi zikugwira ntchito pa onse.
Magulu a mphepo yamkuntho amayeza mphepo ya mphepo yamkuntho kuchokera pa 1 mpaka 5. Tsamba ili likufotokoza chimene gulu lililonse limatha kuchita, momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito nambalayo pamene mukukonzekera, ndi chinthu chimodzi chimene siikuonetsa: madzi, amene amapha anthu ambiri a mphepo yamkuntho. Ngati muchita chinthu chimodzi kuchokera pano, chitani ichi: gulu limayeza mphepo yokha.
Ngati muchita zinthu zitatu zokha¶
- Sankhani ngati muchoke potengera dera lanu lothawirako ndi nyumba yanu, osati gulu.
- Konzekerani gulu limodzi lolimba kuposa ulosi, chifukwa mphepo imatha kulimba mofulumira.
- Werengani ulosi wa mvula ndi madzi akukwera m'dera lanu nthawi iliyonse mukawerenga gulu.
Muyeso wa Saffir-Simpson wa Mphepo ya Mkuntho¶
Muyeso wa Saffir-Simpson wa Mphepo ya Mkuntho (Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale) umagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi National Hurricane Center (NHC) ku Atlantic ndi kum'mawa ndi pakati pa Pacific. Umayika mphepo yamkuntho m'magulu kuchokera pa 1 mpaka 5 potengera mphepo yake yapakati yolimba kwambiri, imene NHC imayeza ngati avareji pa mphindi imodzi. Mphepo yamphokomphoko imatha kukhala yolimba kwambiri kuposa mphepo yapakatiyo.
| Gulu | Mphepo yapakati | Kuwonongeka kwachizolowezi kwa mphepo |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 119 mpaka 153 km/h (74 mpaka 95 mph) | Kuwonongeka kwina kwa madenga, shingles, siding, ndi magata. Nthambi zazikulu zimadula ndipo mitengo ya mizu yosaya imatha kugwa. Kuzimika kwa magetsi kumene kungatenge masiku |
| 2 | 154 mpaka 177 km/h (96 mpaka 110 mph) | Kuwonongeka kwakukulu. Nyumba zomangidwa bwino zingakhale ndi kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa denga ndi siding. Mitengo yambiri imagwa ndikutseka misewu. Kuzimika kwa magetsi pafupifupi konse kwa masiku mpaka milungu |
| 3 (yaikulu) | 178 mpaka 208 km/h (111 mpaka 129 mph) | Kuwonongeka koopsa kwambiri. Nyumba zomangidwa bwino zingataye ma decking a denga ndi ma gable ends. Mitengo yambiri yadulidwa kapena yazulidwa. Magetsi ndi madzi azimitsidwa kwa masiku mpaka milungu |
| 4 (yaikulu) | 209 mpaka 251 km/h (130 mpaka 156 mph) | Kuwonongeka koopsa kwambiri. Nyumba zomangidwa bwino zitha kutaya gawo lalikulu la denga ndi makoma ena akunja. Mitengo yambiri ndi mitengo ya magetsi yagwa. Madera angakhale osakhalitsamo kwa milungu kapena miyezi |
| 5 (yaikulu) | 252 km/h (157 mph) kapena kuposa | Kuwonongeka koopsa kwambiri. Gawo lalikulu la nyumba zomangidwa ndi matabwa lawonongeka. Mitengo ndi mitengo ya magetsi yogwa imatseka madera. Madera angakhale osakhalitsamo kwa milungu kapena miyezi |
Magulu 3, 4, ndi 5 amatchedwa mphepo zazikulu (major hurricanes). Dzina limenelo likunena za kuwonongeka kwa mphepo kokha. Sikutanthauza kuti Gulu 1 kapena 2 ndi lotetezeka, chifukwa NHC imanena kuti mphepo yamkuntho iliyonse imapanga mphepo yoopsa pa moyo.
Chimene gulu lililonse likutanthauza kwa inu¶
Gwiritsani ntchito gulu kukonzekera kuwonongeka kwa mphepo ndi kwa nthawi yaitali imene ntchito zina zingazimitsidwe. Gwiritsani ntchito dera lanu lothawirako ndi mtundu wa nyumba mumakhalamo kusankha ngati muchoke.
Gulu 1. Zinthu zomasuka zimauluka ndipo ma shingles amachoka. Mitengo ya mizu yosaya imatha kugwera pa magalimoto, nyumba, ndi mawaya a magetsi. Konzekerani magetsi kuzimika kwa masiku, ndipo khalani ndi madzi ndi chakudya kwa nthawi yolingana ndi imeneyo.
Gulu 2. Madenga ndi siding amawonongeka kwambiri, ndipo mitengo yambiri imagwa kotero kuti misewu imatha kukhalabe yotsekedwa. Yembekezerani magetsi kuzimika pafupifupi paliponse pa njira ya mphepo ndikukhalabe otsekedwa kwa sabata limodzi kapena kuposa m'malo ena. Nyumba zopepuka, zipinda zosungira zinthu, ndi nyumba zoyendayenda zakale zili pangozi yaikulu.
Gulu 3. Nyumba zomangidwa bwino zimayamba kutaya zigawo za madenga ake. Madzi ndi magetsi amatha kuzimitsidwa kwa milungu, zomwe zimapangitsa kukhala panyumba kukhala kovuta kwambiri kwa ana aang'onoang'ono, okalamba, ndi aliyense wofunikira magetsi pa chisamaliro cha thanzi. Madera ambiri amalamula kuthawa kwakukulu pa gulu ili, koma madera a madzi akukwera angauzidwe kuthawa kwa mphepo zofooka kwambiri.
Gulu 4. Mphepo imatha kuchotsa denga la nyumba ndikugwetsa makoma akunja. Pafupifupi mitengo yonse ndi mitengo yambiri ya magetsi imagwa. Madera angatsekedwe, ndipo kukonzanso kumatenga miyezi.
Gulu 5. Gawo lalikulu la nyumba zomangidwa ndi matabwa lawonongeka. Nyumba zochepa kupatula za simenti yolimba zimapirira bwino. Kuchira kumatenga miyezi kapena zaka.
Nyumba zoyendayenda ndi nyumba zopepuka
Nyumba yoyendayenda, caravan, kapena nyumba yopepuka ya matabwa kapena chitsulo imatha kuwonongeka kwambiri kapena kuwonongedwa ndi mphepo ya mphepo yamkuntho, ngakhale mu Gulu 1. Ngati mumakhala m'nyumba yotere, konzekerani kuthawa mphepo yamkuntho iliyonse. Onani tsamba lathu la nyumba zoyendayenda.
Momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito gulu pamene mukukonzekera¶
Gulu limakuuzani chimene mphepo ingachite ku nyumba yanu ndi kwa nthawi yaitali imene magetsi angazimitsidwe. Silikuuzani ngati muchoke. Gwiritsani ntchito dongosolo ili pamene mukuwerenga ulosi:
- Onani dera lanu lothawirako. Ngati akuluakulu akulamulani kuchoka m'dera lanu, chokani, kaya gulu ndi liti.
- Onani nyumba yanu. Nyumba yoyendayenda, nyumba ya denga lakale, kapena nyumba ya pa nsanja pafupi ndi madzi imafuna muyeso wotsika kwambiri wochokera kuposa nyumba yolimba mkati mwa dziko.
- Onani ulosi wa madzi akukwera ndi mvula. Izi ndizo zimasankha momwe dera lanu lidzanyowere, ndipo zitha kukhala zoopsa kuposa mphepo ngakhale pa gulu lotsika.
- Konzekerani gulu limodzi lapamwamba. Sungani zinthu zomwezo ndipo pangani dongosolo lomwelo. Ngati mphepo yakhalabe yofooka, simutaya kanthu.
- Onaninso ulosi maola angapo apitawo. Maulosi amasintha, ndipo ulosi wotsatira ungalowetse dera lanu mu chenjezo kapena kuchichotsa.
Ngati mumakhala kutali ndi nyanja m'nyumba yolimba popanda chiopsezo cha madzi akukwera, Gulu 1 lingatanthauze magetsi kuzimika kwa nthawi yaitali ndi pang'ono wina. Ngati mumakhala pa gombe, pamalo otsika, kapena pafupi ndi mtsinje, gulu lomwelo lingatanthauze ngozi kuchokera ku madzi mu maola ochepa.
Tropical depression ndi tropical storm¶
Osati dongosolo lililonse la m'malo otentha ndi mphepo yamkuntho. NHC imagwiritsa ntchito lamulo lomwelo la mphepo kusiyanitsa magawo ofooka.
| Gawo | Mphepo yapakati |
|---|---|
| Tropical depression | 62 km/h (38 mph) kapena kuposa pang'ono |
| Tropical storm | 63 mpaka 118 km/h (39 mpaka 73 mph) |
| Hurricane | 119 km/h (74 mph) kapena kuposa |
Tropical depression ndi dongosolo lokonzeka lokhala ndi kuzungulira kotsekedwa koma mphepo yofooka. Tropical storm ndi yolimba mokwanira kupeza dzina. Mphepo ikafika 119 km/h (74 mph), imakhala hurricane.
Tropical storm ziyenera kulemekezedwa. Mphepo yake imazimitsa magetsi ndikugwetsa mitengo. Tropical storm kapena depression yoyenda pang'onopang'ono imathanso kugwetsa mvula yambiri kwambiri ndikuyambitsa kusefukira koopsa kutali ndi gombe.
Mayiko ena amagwiritsa ntchito miyeso ina¶
Muyeso wa Saffir-Simpson umagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Atlantic ndi kum'mawa ndi pakati pa Pacific. Madera ena amayeza mphepo mwa njira yawoyawo, ndipo manambala sagwirizana.
| Dera | Muyeso kapena mayina | Chimene muyenera kudziwa |
|---|---|---|
| Australia ndi South Pacific | Gulu 1 mpaka 5 | Limatengera mphokomphoko yolimba kwambiri yachizolowezi, osati mphepo yapakati. Gulu 3 la Australia limayamba pa mphokomphoko ya 165 km/h (103 mph) |
| Philippines (PAGASA) | Tropical depression, tropical storm, severe tropical storm, typhoon, super typhoon | Super typhoon imayamba pa 185 km/h (115 mph) |
| Japan (JMA) | Typhoon, kenako strong, very strong, violent | Mphepo iliyonse ya pafupifupi 62 km/h (39 mph) kapena kuposa imatchedwa typhoon |
| India ndi kumpoto kwa Indian Ocean (IMD) | Depression mpaka super cyclonic storm | Cyclonic storm imayamba pa 62 km/h (39 mph). Super cyclonic storm imayamba pa 222 km/h (138 mph) |
| Southwest Indian Ocean (Météo-France) | Moderate tropical storm mpaka very intense tropical cyclone | Magawo amasankhidwa potengera mphepo yapakati. Météo-France inasintha momwe imayezera mphepo yolimba kwambiri mu June 2026, choncho onani masamba ake aposachedwa |
Mabungwe ambiri kunja kwa United States amayeza mphepo yapakati pa mphindi 10, ndipo India pa mphindi 3. Avareji yaitali imapereka nambala yotsika, choncho mphepo yomweyo ingaoneke yofooka pa muyeso umodzi kuposa wina. Mawu "super typhoon" amasiyananso. PAGASA amagwiritsa ntchito dzina ili kuyambira 185 km/h (115 mph), pamene US Joint Typhoon Warning Center amalisunga kwa mphepo ya pafupifupi 241 km/h (150 mph) kapena kuposa.
Gwiritsani ntchito muyeso wa bungwe lanu la nyengo, ndipo musafananize manambala pakati pa mayiko. Tsamba lathu la taifuni, saikiloni, ndi mphepo yamkuntho padziko lonse lili ndi matebulo athunthu.
Gulu limayeza mphepo yokha¶
Muyeso uliwonse mwa amenewa umayeza mphepo. Palibe mmodzi mwa iwo amene amakuuzani za hatari zina zomwe mphepo imabweretsa.
- Madzi akukwera amatengera kukula kwa mphepo, liwiro lake loyenda, ngodya imene imakhudza gombe, ndi mawonekedwe a pansi pa nyanja pafupi ndi gombe. Mphepo yaikulu yofooka imatha kukankha madzi ambiri kuposa yaying'ono yolimba kwambiri.
- Mvula imatengera makamaka momwe mphepo imayendera pang'onopang'ono ndi mpweya wachinyontho umene imanyamula. Tropical storm yoyimirira imatha kuyambitsa kusefukira koopsa kuposa Gulu 4 yofulumira.
- Kukula kumasiyanasiyana. Mphepo ziwiri za gulu lofanana zitha kukhala ndi minda ya mphepo yosiyana kwambiri, ndipo yaikulu nthawi zambiri imavulaza anthu ambiri.
- Tornado, mphepo yobwerera kunyanja, ndi kugumuka kwa nthaka sizili mu gulu konse.
Madzi amapha anthu ambiri kuposa mphepo
Ku United States, madzi amayambitsa imfa zambiri za mphepo yamkuntho mwachindunji, kuchokera ku madzi akukwera, kusefukira mkati mwa dziko, ndi mphepo yobwerera kunyanja. Anthu afa mu mphepo za Gulu 1 ndi mu tropical storm. Ngati akuluakulu akuuzani kuchoka m'dera la madzi akukwera kapena kusefukira, chokani, kaya gulu ndi liti.
Mphepo zomwe zikuonetsa kusiyana¶
Mphepo izi ndi zitsanzo zabwino za chifukwa chake gulu ndi gawo limodzi lokha la nkhani. Mfundo pansipa ndizo zafalitsidwa kwambiri.
- Hurricane Dorian (2019) inafika pa nthaka ku Bahamas ngati Gulu 5 ndipo kenako inayimirira pamwamba pa zisumbuzo kwa maola ambiri. Liwiro lochepa linalola mphepo ndi madzi kupitiriza kugwira ntchito pamalo omwewo kwa nthawi yaitali.
- Hurricane Harvey (2017) inali Gulu 4 pa landfall ku Texas, koma kuwonongeka kwakukulu kunachokera ku mvula. Inayendetsedwa pang'onopang'ono pamwamba pa kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Texas ndipo inagwetsa mvula yoposa mainchesi 60 (mamilimita 1,500) m'malo ena.
- Hurricane Ida (2021) inali Gulu 4 pa landfall ku Louisiana. Zotsalira zake zinayambitsa kusefukira koopsa kwadzidzidzi ku New York ndi New Jersey, kutali ndi komwe inafika pa nthaka.
- Hurricane Ian (2022) inali Gulu 4 pa landfall kum'mwera chakumadzulo kwa Florida, ndipo madzi akukwera anayambitsa gawo lalikulu la imfa kumeneko.
- Typhoon Haiyan (2013) inali super typhoon pamene inamenya pakati pa Philippines, ndipo madzi akukwera anali chifukwa chachikulu cha imfa m'madera owonongeka kwambiri.
Phunziro ndilomweli pa nkhani iliyonse. Dziwani komwe madzi adzapite, ndipo sunthani asanafike.
Chifukwa chake anthu amalakwitsa gulu¶
Anthu ambiri amamva "Gulu 1 lokha" ndikusankha kukhalabe. Kusankha koteroko kwataya miyoyo. Nambalayo ndi yosavuta kukumbukira ndi kuyerekezera, choncho imapeza chidwi choposa chimene chiyenera.
Oneneratu tsopano amapereka chidziwitso chosiyana pa madzi akukwera ndi mvula yambiri chifukwa cha izi. Mukawerenga ulosi, werengani zinthu zitatu: gulu la mphepo, ulosi wa madzi akukwera pa gombe lanu, ndi ulosi wa mvula m'dera lanu. Tsamba lathu la hatari za mphepo yamkuntho likufotokoza chimodzi chilichonse.
Momwe gulu lingasinthire asanafike pa nthaka¶
Gulu la mphepo ndi chithunzi cha nthawi imodzi. Mphepo yamkuntho imatha kulimba kapena kufooka mofulumira. Oneneratu amatcha "rapid intensification" pamene mphepo yapakati ikwera osachepera 55 km/h (35 mph) m'maola 24, zomwe zingasandutse Gulu 1 kukhala Gulu 3 kapena kolimba kwambiri m'tsiku limodzi.
Kulimba mofulumira ndikovuta kuneneratu, ndipo nthawi zambiri kumachitika pafupi ndi gombe. Ndicho chifukwa chake dongosolo lotetezeka kwambiri ndiloti mukonzekere gulu limodzi lapamwamba kuposa ulosi. Mphepo imathanso kufooka isanafike pa nthaka ndikubweretsabe madzi akukwera ndi mvula yomweyo, choncho nambala yotsika siyomwe imaloleza kusiya kukonzekera.
Tsatirani ulosi waposachedwa kuchokera ku bungwe lanu la nyengo, kapena NHC ku Atlantic ndi kum'mawa kwa Pacific, ndi malangizo a akuluakulu a dera lanu.