Izigaba zesiphepho zichaziwe¶
Amahurikheni, amathayifuni, namasayikloni ezulu ahlobo lunye lwesiphepho, aqanjwa amagama ahlukene emawolwandle ahlukene. Konke okukulo mhlahlandlela kusebenza kuwo wonke.
Izigaba zehurikheni zilinganisa umoya wesiphepho kusuka ku-1 kuya ku-5. Leli khasi lichaza okungenziwa isigaba ngasinye, indlela yokusebenzisa inombolo uma uhlela, nento eyodwa esishiya ngaphandle: amanzi, abangela ukufa okuningi kwamahurikheni. Uma uthatha into eyodwa kulokhu, thatha lena: isigaba silinganisa umoya kuphela.
Ukwenze izinto ezintathu kuphela¶
- Nquma uma uzohamba ngokusekelwe esiyingini yakho yokubalekiswa nekhaya lakho, hhayi isigaba.
- Lungiselela isigaba esisodwa esinamandla ngaphezu kwesibikezelo, ngoba iziphepho zingaqina ngesheshe.
- Funda isibikezelo semvula nokukhuphuka kwamanzi yendawo yakho isikhathi ngesikhathi ufunda isigaba.
I-Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale¶
I-Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale isetshenziswa i-National Hurricane Center (NHC) nge-Atlantic ne-eastern ne-central Pacific. Ihlela amahurikheni kusuka ku-1 kuya ku-5 ngomoya wawo onamandla kakhulu oqhubekayo, i-NHC elilinganisa njengesilinganiso phezu komzuzu owodwa. Amavunguvungu angaba namandla amakhulu kakhulu kunomoya oqhubekayo.
| Isigaba | Umoya oqhubekayo | Umonakalo womoya ojwayelekile |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 119 kuya ku-153 km/h (74 kuya ku-95 mph) | Umonakalo othize wophahla, amathayili, nama-gutter. Amagxiwa amakhulu ephuka nezihlahla ezimphandweni angajulile zingawa. Ukucima kwagesi okungaqhubeka izinsuku |
| 2 | 154 kuya ku-177 km/h (96 kuya ku-110 mph) | Umonakalo omkhulu. Amakhaya akhiwe kahle angaba nomonakalo omkhulu wophahla namathayili. Izihlahla eziningi ziwa zivale imigwaqo. Ukucima kwagesi okungaphansi komhlaba izinsuku kuya emasontweni |
| 3 (enkulu) | 178 kuya ku-208 km/h (111 kuya ku-129 mph) | Umonakalo obhubhisayo. Amakhaya akhiwe kahle angalahlekelwa ukusibekwa kophahla namagable. Izihlahla eziningi ziphuka noma zisishwe. Ugesi namanzi acishiwe izinsuku kuya emasontweni |
| 4 (enkulu) | 209 kuya ku-251 km/h (130 kuya ku-156 mph) | Umonakalo obhubhisa kakhulu. Amakhaya akhiwe kahle angalahlekelwa uphahla luningi nezindonga ezithize zangaphandle. Izihlahla eziningi namapholi wagesi ziwa. Izindawo zingahlala zingakwazi kuhlalwa amasonto noma izinyanga |
| 5 (enkulu) | 252 km/h (157 mph) noma ngaphezu | Umonakalo obhubhisa kakhulu. Ingxenye enkulu yamakhaya afreyimi ibhujiswa. Izihlahla eziwele namapholi wagesi avimba imiphakathi. Izindawo zingahlala zingakwazi kuhlalwa amasonto noma izinyanga |
Izigaba 3, 4, ne-5 zibizwa amahurikheni amakhulu. Lelo gama likhuluma ngomonakalo womoya. Akusho ukuthi iSigaba 1 noma 2 siphephile, ngoba i-NHC iphawula ukuthi amahurikheni onke akhiqiza umoya oyingozi kuphila.
Okushoyo isigaba ngasinye kuwena¶
Sebenzisa isigaba ukuhlela umonakalo womoya nokuthi izinsiza zingahlala zicimile isikhathi esingakanani. Sebenzisa isiyingi yakho yokubalekiswa nohlobo lwekhaya ohlala kulo ukunquma uma uzohamba.
Isigaba 1. Izinto ezixegayo zindiza namathayili ahlehla. Izihlahla ezinemphandi engajulile zingawa phezu kwamamoto, amakhaya, nezintambo zokagesi. Hlela ugesi ucishile izinsuku, ube unamanzi nokudla okwanele okungenani okungalinganayo.
Isigaba 2. Uphahla namathayili onakala kakhulu, futhi izihlahla eziningi ziwa kangangokuthi imigwaqo ingahlala ivaliwe. Lindela ugesi ucimile cishi yonke indawo endleleni yesiphepho uhlale ucishile isonto noma ngaphezu endaweni ezithize. Izakhiwo ezilula, izishedi, namakhaya ahambahamba amadala asengozini enkulu.
Isigaba 3. Amakhaya akhiwe kahle aqala ukulahlekelwa izingxenye zophahla. Amanzi nogesi zingacima amasonto, okwenza ukuhlala ekhaya kube kunzima kakhulu izingane ezincane, abadala, nanoma ubani odinga ugesi ngokunakekelwa kwezempilo. Izindawo eziningi zicela ukubalekiswa okubanzi kuleli zinga, kodwa izindawo zokukhuphuka kwamanzi zingatshelwa zihambe kwiziphepho ezibuthaka kakhulu.
Isigaba 4. Umoya ungakhipha uphahla endlini bese uwisa izindonga zangaphandle. Cishe zonke izihlahla namapholi amaningi wagesi ziwa. Imiphakathi ingavinjwa, nokulungiswa kuthatha izinyanga.
Isigaba 5. Ingxenye enkulu yamakhaya afreyimi ibhujiswa. Izakhiwo ezincane ngaphandle kwezinsimende eziqiniswe azimi kahle. Ukubuyisana kuthatha izinyanga noma iminyaka.
Amakhaya ahambahamba nezakhiwo ezilula
Ikhaya elihambahamba, ikhalavani, noma indlu encane yezinkuni noma yensimbi ingonakala kakhulu noma ibhujiswe ngumoya wehurikheni, ngisho kuSigaba 1. Uma uhlala endlini enjalo, hlela ukuhamba kunoma luphi uhurikheni. Bona ikhasi lethu ngamakhaya ahambahamba.
Indlela yokusebenzisa isigaba uma uhlela¶
Isigaba sikutshela okungenziwa umoya esakhiweni sakho nalapho ugesi ungahlala ucimile. Asikutsheli uma kudinga uhambe. Sebenzisa lokhu ukulandelana uma ufunda isibikezelo:
- Hlola isiyingi yakho yokubalekiswa. Uma izikhulu zikuyalela uhambe esiyingini sakho, hamba, noma isigaba singabe sisithini.
- Hlola ikhaya lakho. Ikhaya elihambahamba, indlu enophahla oludala, noma ikhaya elisezinqeni eduze namanzi lidinga isilinganiso esiphansi sokuhamba kunesakhiwo esiqinile ngaphakathi kwelizwe.
- Hlola izibikezelo zokukhuphuka kwamanzi nemvula. Lezi zinquma indawo yakho izoba imanzi kangakanani, futhi zingaba zimbi kunomoya ngisho kuleli zinga eliphansi.
- Hlela isigaba esisodwa esiphezulu. Qoqa izinsiza ezifanayo futhi wenze uhlelo olufanayo. Uma isiphepho sihlala sibuthaka, awulahlekelwa lutho.
- Hlola isexwayiso futhi emahoreni amancane. Izibikezelo zishintsha, futhi isexwayiso esilandelayo singashintshela indawo yakho ngaphakathi noma ngaphandle kwesaziso.
Uma uhlala kude ngaphakathi kwelizwe nekhaya eliqinile futhi engekho ingozi yokukhuphuka kwamanzi, iSigaba 1 lingasho ukucima kwagesi okude futhi okuncane kakhulu okunye. Uma uhlala ogwini, endaweni ephansi, noma eduze nomfula, isigaba esifanayo singasho ingozi yamanzi ngaphakathi kwamahora.
Ama-tropical depression namatropical storm¶
Asikhona sonke isistim setropiki esiyihurikheni. I-NHC isebenzisa umthetho omoya ofanayo ukuhlukanisa izigaba ezibuthaka.
| Isigaba | Umoya oqhubekayo |
|---|---|
| I-Tropical depression | 62 km/h (38 mph) noma ngaphansi |
| I-Tropical storm | 63 kuya ku-118 km/h (39 kuya ku-73 mph) |
| I-Hurricane | 119 km/h (74 mph) noma ngaphezu |
I-tropical depression isistim esihleliwe elokuphenduka okuvaliwe kodwa nomoya obuthakathaka. I-tropical storm inamandla okwanele ukuthola igama. Uma umoya ufinyelela u-119 km/h (74 mph), iphenduka ihurikheni.
I-tropical storms kudinga inhlonipho. Umoya wazo ucima ugesi uwise izihlahla. I-tropical storm noma i-depression ehamba kancane ingathela imvula eminingi kakhulu futhi ibangele izikhukhula ezibulala kude kakhulu nogu.
Amazwe amanye asebenzisa izilinganiso zazo¶
Isikali se-Saffir-Simpson sisetshenziswa e-Atlantic nase-eastern ne-central Pacific. Izifunda zenye zilinganisa iziphepho ngendlela yazo, futhi izinombolo azihambisani.
| Isifunda | Isikali noma amagama | Okudingekile kwazi |
|---|---|---|
| I-Australia ne-South Pacific | I-Category 1 kuya ku-5 | Kusekelwe emoya onamandla kakhulu ojwayelekile, hhayi umoya oqhubekayo. I-Category 3 ye-Australia iqala emoyeni oka-165 km/h (103 mph) |
| I-Philippines (PAGASA) | I-Tropical depression, i-tropical storm, i-severe tropical storm, ithayifuni, ithayifuni enkulu | Ithayifuni enkulu iqala ku-185 km/h (115 mph) |
| I-Japan (JMA) | Ithayifuni, bese okuqinile, okuqinile kakhulu, okunobudlova | Isiphepho sonke se-62 km/h (39 mph) noma ngaphezu sibizwa ithayifuni |
| I-India ne-north Indian Ocean (IMD) | I-Depression kuze ku-super cyclonic storm | Isiphepho esizulayo siqala ku-62 km/h (39 mph). I-super cyclonic storm iqala ku-222 km/h (138 mph) |
| I-Southwest Indian Ocean (Météo-France) | I-moderate tropical storm kuze ku-very intense tropical cyclone | Izigaba zihlelwa ngomoya wesilinganiso. I-Météo-France ishintshe indlela elinganisa ngayo umoya onamandla kakhulu kuJune 2026, ngakho hlola amakhasi amanje |
Izikhungo eziningi ngaphandle kwe-United States zilinganisa umoya oqhubekayo phezu kwemizuzu 10, ne-India phezu kwemizuzu 3. Isilinganiso eside kunikeza inombolo ephansi, ngakho isiphepho esifanayo singabukeka sibuthaka esikalini esisodwa kuneesinye. Igama "super typhoon" lihluka futhi. I-PAGASA ilisebenzisa kusuka ku-185 km/h (115 mph), kanti i-US Joint Typhoon Warning Center ilibeka komoya waka-241 km/h (150 mph) noma ngaphezu.
Sebenzisa isikali inkampani yakho yesizwe yesimo sezulu esisebenzisa, ungaqhathanisi izinombolo phakathi kwamazwe. Ikhasi lethu lamathayifuni, amasayikloni, namahurikheni emhlabeni wonke linamathebula agcwele.
Isigaba silinganisa umoya kuphela¶
Isikali ngasinye kulezi silinganisa umoya. Akukho kuzo esikutshela ngezingozi ezinye isiphepho esiletha.
- Ukukhuphuka kwamanzi kuncike usayizi wesiphepho, isivinini sokuphambili, ipheka silithinta ogwini ngayo, nesimo sesisekelo salwandle eduze nogu. Isiphepho esikhulu, esibuthaka singasunduza amanzi amaningi kunesincane, esinamandla.
- Imvula incike kakhulu ekahleni isiphepho sihamba ngaso nangamnswakama esiwuthwala. I-tropical storm emayo ingabangela izikhukhula ezimbi kuneSigaba 4 esisheshayo.
- Usayizi uhluka. Iziphepho ezimbili ezisigaba esifanayo zingaba nendawo yomoya ehlukile kakhulu, futhi elikhulu kaningi lilimaza abantu abaningi.
- Amazibhunguzane, imikondo yokubuyela, nezidumo zamatshe aziyingxenye yesigaba nhlobo.
Amanzi abulala abantu abaningi kunomoya
E-United States, amanzi abangela ukufa okuningi okuqondile kwehurikheni, kusuka ekukhuphukeni kwamanzi, izikhukhula zangaphakathi, nemikondo yokubuyela. Abantu bafile eziphephweni zeSigaba 1 nakuma-tropical storm. Uma izikhulu zikutshela uhambe endaweni yokukhuphuka kwamanzi noma izikhukhula, hamba, noma isigaba singabe sisithini.
Iziphepho ezikhombisa igebe¶
Iziphepho lezi zizibonelo ezinhle zokungani isigaba yingxenye yendaba kuphela. Amaqiniso ngezansi ngawabikwa kabanzi.
- IHurricane Dorian (2019) yafika emhlabeni eBahamas njenge-Category 5 bese yama phezu kwezihlengi amahora amaningi. Isivinini sokuhamba kancane savumela umoya namanzi aqhubeke asebenza endaweni efanayo isikhathi eside.
- IHurricane Harvey (2017) ibe iCategory 4 ngenkathi ifika eTexas, kodwa umonakalo omkhulu uvela emvuleni. Yahamba kancane engxenyeni esezansi empumalanga yeTexas yathela imvula engaphezu kwama-60 amayintshi (1,500 mm) ezindaweni ezithize.
- IHurricane Ida (2021) ibe iCategory 4 ngenkathi ifika eLouisiana. Insalela yayo yabangela izikhukhula zesheshe ezibulala eNew York naseNew Jersey, kude lapho yafika khona.
- IHurricane Ian (2022) ibe iCategory 4 ngenkathi ifika eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Florida, futhi ukukhuphuka kwamanzi kwabangela ingxenye enkulu yokufa lapho.
- Ithayifuni Haiyan (2013) yayiyithayifuni enkulu ngenkathi ishaya maphakathi nePhilippines, nokukhuphuka kwamanzi kwayimbangela eyinhloko yokufa ezindaweni ezithintwe kakhulu.
Isifundo sifanayo kwesigameko ngasinye. Yazi lapho amanzi azoya, uhambe ngaphambi kokuba afike.
Kungani abantu bawuphambanisa isigaba¶
Abantu abaningi bezwa "iCategory 1 kuphela" bese banquma ukuhlala. Isinqumo leso sibize izimpilo. Inombolo ilula ukuyikhumbula nokuyiqhathanisa, ngakho ithola ukunakwa okungaphezu kokufanele.
Abasibikezeli manje bakhipha ulwazi oluhlukene ngokukhuphuka kwamanzi nemvula enkudlwana ngenxa yalokhu. Uma uhlola isibikezelo, funda izinto ezintathu: isigaba somoya, isibikezelo sokukhuphuka kwamanzi sogu lwakho, nesibikezelo semvula sendawo yakho. Ikhasi lethu lezingozi zehurikheni lihamba kuzo zonke.
Indlela isigaba singashintsha ngayo ngaphambi kokufika emhlabeni¶
Isigaba sesiphepho yisithombe sesikhashana. Amahurikheni angaqinisa noma abuthaka ngesheshe. Abasibikezeli babiza lokhu ukuqina okusheshayo uma umoya oqhubekayo ukhuphuka okungenani ngu-55 km/h (35 mph) emahoreni 24, okungaphendula iSigaba 1 ibe iSigaba 3 noma ngaphezu kusuku olulodwa.
Ukuqina okusheshayo kunzima ukubikezela, futhi kaningi kwenzeka eduze nogu. Yikho uhlelo oluphephe kakhulu luyilokuhlela isigaba esisodwa esiphezulu kunesibikezelo. Isiphepho singabuthaka futhi ngaphambi kokufika emhlabeni kusese sithela ukukhuphuka kwamanzi nemvula efanayo, ngakho inombolo ephansi akuyisizathu sokuyeka ukulungiselela.
Landela isexwayiso samanje esivela enkampanini yakho yesizwe yesimo sezulu, noma i-NHC e-Atlantic nase-eastern Pacific, nemiyalelo yezikhulu zakho zendawo.